Link To And Excerpts From Stroke Protocol (CT) From Radiopaedia

Posted on March 14, 2021 by Tom Wade MD

In addition to the resource in this post, please see the Radiopaedia article, Code Stroke CT (An Approach). By Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard.

In this post I link to and excerpt from Stroke protocol (CT) from Radiopaedia.
By Dr Veeranna Lunavath and Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard. Accessed 3-14-2021.

Here are the excerpts:

A CT stroke protocol, often referred to as a code stroke CT, has become a fairly widespread and standardized approach to imaging patients presenting with acute neurological symptoms that may represent cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage (together grouped under the vague term stroke).

The aim of the protocol is to rapidly diagnose and quantify strokes to enable appropriate urgent management (e.g. endovascular clot retrieval or intravenous thrombolysis).

In most centers, CT is favored over MRI in the ultra-acute setting due to time and access constraints, despite acknowledging that MRI, and particularly diffusion-weighted imaging, is superior in identifying small infarcts and defining infarct core  1-3.

A stroke protocol CT usually includes 3 concatenated scans 2:

  1. non-contrast CT (brain)
  2. CT perfusion (brain)
  3. CT angiography (aortic arch to vertex of skull)

Each component has a role to play but some centers do not perform perfusion routinely 3.

A non-contrast CT of the brain, usually obtained volumetrically and reformated in three planes (sagittal, axial and coronal), is obtained first. In addition to a rapid overview of the brain (see an approach to CT head) that may demonstrate unexpected non-stroke findings (e.g. tumors) it specifically allows for the following stroke-related features to be sought:

See: CT head (technique)

Intravenous contrast is then administered and various parameters of cerebral perfusion calculated. Typically these include

These allow not only the diagnosis and quantification of areas of impaired perfusion but also the identification of infarct core and penumbra that are important in selecting patients for thrombolysis/endovascular clot retrieval.

See: CT cerebral perfusion (technique)

The last component is CT angiography usually performed from the arch or the aorta to the vertex of the skull. It is performed using the arterial phase of intravascular contrast. It not only allows for the visualization numerous intracranial features relevant to the stroke setting but also anatomy that may be relevant to the endovascular intervention.

It should be noted that there is increased interest in the use of multiphase CTA particularly to accurately assess the degree of collateral circulation 3.

See: CT angiography of the cerebral arteries (technique)

  • the code stroke, although not the most technically demanding radiological protocol, can be a high-stress situation with a variety of extrinsic factors weighing on the radiographer and surround healthcare teams
  • workflow will differ between institutions and be based around what works best in that environment
  • some centers will perform the CT angiogram before the perfusion study in order to give the interventional team additional minutes to inspect and plan for a potential clot retrieval as the perfusion study is being performed. This requires advanced trained radiographers, customized pressure injection protocols, and custom CT protocols.

References:

  • 1. Jenson M, Libby J, Soule E, Sandhu SJ, Fiester PJ, Rao D. CT Perfusion Protocol for Acute Stroke Expedites Mechanical Thrombectomy. (2019) Cureus. 11 (4): e4546. doi:10.7759/cureus.4546 – Pubmed
  • 2. Zerna C, Thomalla G, Campbell BCV, Rha JH, Hill MD. Current practice and future directions in the diagnosis and acute treatment of ischaemic stroke. (2018) Lancet (London, England). 392 (10154): 1247-1256. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31874-9 – Pubmed
  • 3. Kamalian S, Lev MH. Stroke Imaging. (2019) Radiologic clinics of North America. 57 (4): 717-732. doi:10.1016/j.rcl.2019.02.001 – Pubmed

 

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